In the above examples, John wasn't the one hopping briskly through the garden, though the sentence reads like that, and the friends hadn't really been in the oven. Left dangling, they try to attach themselves to a nearby word - and nonsense ensues. Modifying phrases, though, are very vulnerable to being separated from the word they were meant to modify. Adjectives and adverbs are modifiers, but they are rarely left dangling. Que? Well, with apologies to my fellow grammar nerds, a modifier is an optional element of a sentence – optional in that its removal does not make the sentence ungrammatical. What is wrong is that they all contain dangling modifiers (also known as hanging or dangling participles). To be really filling, you could add some boiled potatoes to the salad. Gently warmed in the oven and smothered in cream cheese, my friends loved the bagels. Hopping briskly through the vegetable garden, John saw a toad.
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